China Coast Guard

Coast guard of China
Law enforcement agency
  • Coast Guard Law of the People's Republic of China《中华人民共和国海警法》
General natureSpecialist jurisdiction
  • Coastal patrol, marine border protection, marine search and rescue.
Operational structureHeadquarters1 Fuxingmen Outer Street, Beijing, ChinaAgency executives
  • PAP Major General Wang Zhongcai [1], Director Commandant of the Coast Guard
  • Major General Wang Liangfu, Political commissar
Parent agencyPeople's Armed PoliceFacilitiesBoats164 cutters
Multiple patrol boats (2018)AircraftHarbin Z-9
Harbin Y-12Websitewww.ccg.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata
China Coast Guard
Simplified Chinese中国海警局
Traditional Chinese中國海警局
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Hǎijǐngjú
Haijing ("Coast Guard")
Chinese海警
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinHǎijǐng
People's Liberation Army
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  • Central Military Commission
  • Ministry of National Defense
Staff
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Domestic troops
Special operations force
Military districts
History of the Chinese military
Military ranks of China
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China Coast Guard (CCG) is the maritime security, search and rescue, and law enforcement service branch of the People's Armed Police of China.[2][3][4] The Coast Guard is an armed gendarmerie force (of corps grade), and its cutters are armed. Although the majority of its activities are ordinary law enforcement, it has gained notoriety for its role in political border clashes in the South China Sea and Senkaku/Diaoyu islands.

History

The China Coast Guard was formed in 2013 by combining the maritime branch of the People's Armed Police, the Border Security Force's Maritime Police, and the other maritime law enforcement agencies in China (the Fisheries Law Enforcement Command, General Administration of Customs, and China Marine Surveillance).[5] The unified Coast Guard has been in operation since July 2013.[6] On July 1, 2018, the China Coast Guard was transferred from the civilian control of the State Council and the State Oceanic Administration, to the People's Armed Police, ultimately placing it under the direct command of the Central Military Commission.[5][7][8] Its new commander was a PLAN officer, emphasizing its new role as a paramilitary force.[9]

In June 2018, the China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin to civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out law enforcement against illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, in all areas involved with the use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling.[10] The Coast Guard Law of 1 February 2021 allows CCG ships to use lethal force on foreign ships that do not obey orders to leave Chinese waters.[11][12]

Functions

The CCG duty is to perform regular patrols and reactive actions (such as Search and Rescue) on the coastal, near sea, and open ocean areas of its jurisdiction (and international waters). These actions include principally law enforcement tasks such as interdicting smuggling, illegal fisheries control, and protecting the environment (such as stopping coral fishing and pollutant dumping).[13]

The CCG also serves as an armed border guard, protecting China's claimed maritime borders, which often leads to conflict and controversy. As a constituent part of the Chinese Armed Forces (being subordinate to the PAP), on wartime it would be placed under the operational control of the People's Liberation Army Navy, in which case it would be likely to play support roles and rear-area escort (like its USCG counterparts, which is also a branch of the military, its ships are not equipped for full military combat).

Law Enforcement

The first set of duties of the CCG according to the China Coast Guard Law include seven law enforcement tasks:

  1. fighting maritime violations and crimes,[14]
  2. preserving maritime safety and security,
  3. development and utilization of marine resources,
  4. marine ecological and environmental protection,[15]
  5. management of marine fishery resources,[16]
  6. carrying out anti-smuggling tasks on the sea,
  7. coordinating and guiding local maritime law enforcement.

When the CCG suppresses maritime violations and crimes, and preserves maritime safety and security, it exercises the law enforcement authority of public security organs (i.e. as a law enforcement agency); when it enforces the law concerning the development and utilization of marine resources, marine ecological and environmental protection, management of marine fishery resources, and maritime anti-smuggling, it exercises the law enforcement authority of administrative organs (that is to say, the regulatory powers of the old FLEC, GAC, and CMS). This means that China Coast Guard needs to coordinate with a large number of other state institutions, in particular the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, and the General Administration of Customs.[17]

The task of policing the sea can be quite complex and is, by its very nature, extensive in space.

Protecting the natural resources of the sea can have surprising antagonists. A notable example is the threat of the "Sand Pirates", the illegal mining of sea-bottom sand, an illegal (and very destructive) industry estimated to make 200 to 350 billion USD per year.[18] As China is the largest consumers of construction-level sand in the world, the CCG is closely involved in this sand war. As an example, on 19 November 2021, the Fujian Provincial Bureau, after a six months stake-out, dismantled a sand gang with seven ships which is suspected of having illegally mined 75 million tons of sea sand worth 5 billion RMB.[19]

Another relatively unexpected task is the protection of submarine communication cables. These get damaged with some frequency by dredgers, bottom trawlers, and simply by misplaced anchors. The CCG monitors ships anchoring or loitering outside of safe areas.

Smuggling is the traditional target of coast guard work. But besides the traditional drugs and overexcised cigarettes, other forms of smuggling have appeared. On 12 December 2020, CCG intercepted a gang that had run 2 "motherships" to smuggle over 160,000 tons of refined oil, worth 800 million RMB.[17] During the COVID crisis, smuggling of PPE and medication was reported.

Fisheries are one of the most critical regulatory control issues of maritime law enforcement. Fisheries everywhere are very stressed and on the verge of overfishing. The already very severely overfished Chinese territorial waters require severe measures, such as strict fishing moratoriums for the Bohai and Yellow seas.[20]

Maritime safety

Another set of responsibilities come from Maritime safety. While maritime safety, SAR, and the enforcement of the rules of marine safety is the main remit of the China Maritime Safety Administration, and the leading organ in active SAR is the China Rescue and Salvage Bureau, the CCG, as the main maritime law enforcement agency, is involved very often in rescue operations.[21] It also supports the CMSA in enforcing maritime safety rules and inspect ships suspected of presenting risks to navigation.

International cooperation

International cooperation and coordination is one of the official tasks of the CCG, as is to be expected of a maritime law enforcement agency.

Part of this is cooperation with friendly nations for mutually beneficial tasks (such as cooperating with Russia in fishery operations, as part of the plan for the opening and operation of an Arctic passage).[22][23] More critical is cooperation with neighboring states on matters of mutual interest, in particular fisheries and smuggling. The frequency of that cooperation often correlates with the state of bilateral relationships, but institutional connections do remain continuously active.[24][25]

In the 2000s and early 2010s, the Chinese Coast Guard (Before 2013, the Maritime Police and China Marine Surveillance) conducted periodic joint-training sessions with other navies in the North Pacific, including the US Coast Guard service.[26] The Chinese Coast Guard has also participated in the annual North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum in Alaska, along with the US, Canadian, Japanese, South Korean, and Russian Coast Guards. As part of an exchange program, around 109 members of the Chinese Coast Guard service have served on U.S. Coast Guard cutters.[27][28]

Badge of China Coast Guard before 2013, when part of the PAP Border Security Force under the Ministry of Public Security.

The worsening of US-China relationships in the last few years (as of 2024), in particular the ongoing conflict regarding the South China Sea (in which the CCG is directly involved) have all but ended the co-training missions with the USCG, although the purely civilian CMSA still keeps a very close working relationship with its counterparts in the US and Japan.

Territorial Sovereignty and Rights Protection

The most visible of the CCG areas of operation is its "border guard" duty, what the Chinese call its "rights protection" or "safeguarding rights on the sea" duties. That is to say, the duty to patrol, survey, and defend the asserted territorial waters of China, and enforce the correct usage rights of those waters (such as resource exploration, or innocent passage of warships) according to China's interpretation.

As China's claims of sovereign waters are extensive and overlap with several other countries, enforcing this doctrine has created a very large number of incidents and controversies. These often escalate to skirmishes and tense brinkmanship in what has been called grey-zone operations.[29] The CCG is at the forefront of these incidents (often alongside the People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia).[30] The probable reason for that usage, according to international analysts[31][32] is that putting the paramilitary "White Hulls" (the CCG) and the "Blue Hulls" (the PAFMM) at the forefront avoids the dangerous escalation that would happen if the unambiguously military "Gray Hulls" (the PLAN) were involved in an incident.[33][34]

The CCG is very active in patrolling those rights.[35] The result is a significant number of incidents of varying levels of tension. In 2019, the United States issued a warning to China over aggressive and unsafe action by their Coast Guard and maritime militia.[36] In 2023, the Coast Guard used water cannons on Philippines military ships in contested waters.[37] In 2024, the PAFMM and CCG entered into a tense standoff with the Philippines over the Second Thomas Shoal[38][39]

Structure

Area Commands

After the reform in 2018, CCG consists of three area commands (administratively sub-bureaus), subdivided into detachments (administratively local bureaus).

  • People's Armed Police Coast Guard Corps East China Sea Command (China Coast Guard East China Sea Sub-bureau) corps deputy grade unit
    • Jiangsu Detachment (江苏支队) (Jiangsu Coast Guard Bureau)
    • Shanghai Detachment (上海支队) (Shanghai CGB)
    • Zhejiang Detachment 浙江支队 (Zhejiang CGB)
    • Fujian Detachment 福建支队 (Fujian CGB)
    • 1st Detachment 第一支队 (1st Directly Subordinate Bureau)
    • 2nd Detachment 第二支队 (2nd DB)
    • 1st Air Wing 第一航空大队
  • PAPCGC South China Sea Command (CCG South China Sea Subbureau)
    • Guangdong Detachment 广东支队 (Guangdong CGB)
    • Guangxi Detachment 广西支队 (Guangxi CGB)
    • Hainan Detachment 海南支队 (Hainan CGB)
    • 3rd Detachment 第三支队 (3rd DB)
    • 4th Detachment 第四支队 (4th DB)
    • 5th Detachment 第五支队 (5th DB)
    • 2nd Air Wing 第二航空大队
  • PAPCGC North China Sea Command (CCG North China Sea Subbureau)
    • Liaoning Detachment 辽宁支队 (Liaoning CGB)
    • Tianjin Detachment 天津支队 (Tianjin CGB)
    • Hebei Detachment 河北支队 (Hebei CGB)
    • Shandong Detachment 山东支队 (Shandong CGB)
    • 6th Detachment 第六支队 (6th DB)
    • 3rd Air Wing 第三航空大队

Equipment

Vessels

China Coast Guard Shucha II-class Cutter Haijing 3306.

Chinese Coast Guard ships are painted white with a blue stripe and the words "China Coast Guard" in English and Chinese. CCG ships have hull numbers in the format "Haijing-XX", where XX is a number (up to five figures). Due to the amalgamation of so many forces to form the CCG, the number of ship types and their denomination is very varied and very confusing, with ships often still being referred to with their old "Haijian" (for Marine Surveillance), "Haiguan" (for Customs) or "Yuzheng" (for FLEC) numbers, or referred with their numbers prior to the (ongoing) renumbering.[40]

Before the unification of the CCG, the typical Border Guard Maritime Police boats included the 130 ton Type 218 patrol boat (100 boats), armed with twin 14.5mm machine guns, assorted speedboats, and few larger patrol ships. The largest ship in Chinese Border Patrol Maritime Police service was the 1,500 ton Type 718 cutter (31101 Pudong).

In March 2007, it was reported that the PLAN had transferred two repurposed Type 053 Frigates (renamed Type 728 cutter after the remodeling) (44102, ex-509 Changde; 46103, ex-510 Shaoxing) to the Coast Guard and re-numbered them as Haijing 1002 & Haijing 1003. At the time these ships were the largest vessels in the China Coast Guard inventory. Three more Type 053s were transferred in 2015 (31239, 31240, 31241).[41]

In May 2017, it was reported that China had deployed the 12,000 ton Zhaotou-class patrol cutter China Coast Guard Haijing 3901 (cutter No. 1123 in USI numbers) to patrol its claimed islands in the disputed South China Sea.[42][43] The CCG 3901 cutter is the world's biggest coast guard cutter, and is larger than the U.S. Navy's 9,800 ton Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruisers or the 8,300-9,300 ton Arleigh Burke-class guided missile destroyers.[a][44] The CCG 3901 cutter is armed with 76mm H/PJ-26 rapid fire naval guns, two auxiliary guns, and two anti-aircraft guns. A second unit, 2901 was deployed in 2020.[45] [additional citation(s) needed]

Between mid 2021 and January 2023, the Coast Guard received 22 coastal defense Type 056 corvettes transferred from the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy.[46]

A 2019 estimate of the total number of hulls that can be deployed by the CCG counted 140 regional and oceangoing patrol vessels (more than 1,000 tons displacement), 120 regional offshore patrol boats (500 to 999 tons), 450 coastal and riverine patrol craft (100 to 499 tons), and 600 inshore patrol boats/minor craft (<100tons).[47][48][40]

Personnel

CCG ships are staffed by People’s Armed Police personnel.[49] China Coast Guard Academy is a dedicated institution that provides training for personnel entering the CCG.[50]

Bases

The CCG has dozens of bases and facilities up and down the coast of China, some very small, their variegated nature again the result of the Coast Guard's mixed origin. The following are some of the largest and most significant.

Major CCG Facilities[40]
Base Name Province Coordinates
Beihai Guangxi 21°29′06″N 109°05′02″E / 21.485°N 109.084°E / 21.485; 109.084
Fangchenggang Shiping Guangxi 21°37′34″N 108°18′58″E / 21.626°N 108.316°E / 21.626; 108.316
Qinzhou Guangxi 21°44′10″N 108°38′20″E / 21.736°N 108.639°E / 21.736; 108.639
Jinzhou Liaoning 40°50′46″N 121°06′11″E / 40.846°N 121.103°E / 40.846; 121.103
Fuzhou Guling Fujian 26°03′18″N 119°21′11″E / 26.055°N 119.353°E / 26.055; 119.353
Fuzhou Tingjiang Fujian 26°04′26″N 119°30′47″E / 26.074°N 119.513°E / 26.074; 119.513
Xiamen downtown Fujian 24°28′01″N 118°03′54″E / 24.467°N 118.065°E / 24.467; 118.065
Xiamen CCG base Fujian 24°30′40″N 118°03′54″E / 24.511°N 118.065°E / 24.511; 118.065
Dalian Mianhuadao Shandong 39°00′22″N 121°40′30″E / 39.006°N 121.675°E / 39.006; 121.675
Dalian Wantong Shandong 39°00′36″N 121°42′32″E / 39.010°N 121.709°E / 39.010; 121.709
Yantai Yangmadao Shandong 37°26′38″N 121°34′55″E / 37.444°N 121.582°E / 37.444; 121.582
Yantai Zhifu Bay Shandong 37°32′42″N 121°23′31″E / 37.545°N 121.392°E / 37.545; 121.392
Tianjin Dongjiang Tianjin 38°58′44″N 117°48′07″E / 38.979°N 117.802°E / 38.979; 117.802
Guangzhou Taihe Guangdong 23°06′32″N 113°23′42″E / 23.109°N 113.395°E / 23.109; 113.395
Huangpu Changzhou Guangdong 23°04′37″N 113°25′55″E / 23.077°N 113.432°E / 23.077; 113.432
Huangpu Luntou Guangdong 23°04′41″N 113°22′30″E / 23.078°N 113.375°E / 23.078; 113.375
Shantou Guangdong 23°21′11″N 116°41′17″E / 23.353°N 116.688°E / 23.353; 116.688
Zhanjiang Tiaoshun Guangdong 21°17′10″N 110°24′32″E / 21.286°N 110.409°E / 21.286; 110.409
Qinhuangdao fishing wharf Hebei 39°55′16″N 119°37′01″E / 39.921°N 119.617°E / 39.921; 119.617
Qinhuangdao coal terminal Hebei 39°56′06″N 119°40′05″E / 39.935°N 119.668°E / 39.935; 119.668
Shanghai Fuxingdao Shanghai 31°17′17″N 121°33′40″E / 31.288°N 121.561°E / 31.288; 121.561
Shanghai Gaoqiao Shanghai 31°21′25″N 121°36′50″E / 31.357°N 121.614°E / 31.357; 121.614
Shanghai port facility Shanghai 31°23′02″N 121°32′56″E / 31.384°N 121.549°E / 31.384; 121.549
Nantong Jiangsu 31°54′29″N 120°54′36″E / 31.908°N 120.910°E / 31.908; 120.910
Haikou port Hainan 20°01′52″N 110°16′41″E / 20.031°N 110.278°E / 20.031; 110.278
Haikou Haidian River Hainan 20°03′14″N 110°19′23″E / 20.0539°N 110.323°E / 20.0539; 110.323
Sanya Hainan 18°13′59″N 109°29′31″E / 18.233°N 109.492°E / 18.233; 109.492
Wenchang Hainan 19°33′36″N 110°49′30″E / 19.560°N 110.825°E / 19.560; 110.825
Qingdao Tuandao Inlet Shandong 36°03′00″N 120°17′53″E / 36.050°N 120.298°E / 36.050; 120.298
Qingdao port area Shandong 36°04′55″N 120°18′32″E / 36.082°N 120.309°E / 36.082; 120.309
Qingdao Huangdao Shandong 36°00′18″N 120°16′19″E / 36.005°N 120.272°E / 36.005; 120.272
Zhoushan Waichangzhi Zhejiang 29°58′48″N 122°04′55″E / 29.980°N 122.082°E / 29.980; 122.082
Ningbo CCG Academy Zhejiang 29°56′42″N 121°42′36″E / 29.945°N 121.710°E / 29.945; 121.710
Wenzhou Lucheng Zhejiang 28°01′30″N 120°40′19″E / 28.025°N 120.672°E / 28.025; 120.672

See also

  • flagChina portal
  • iconTransport portal

Notes

  1. ^ Although the Zhaotou are not equipped with the electronics or armament to make them even vaguely comparable warships. The Zhaotou are armed for constabulary work, would not survive frontline use in war. Their large displacement mostly provides endurance and internal space

References

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Joint Logistics Support
Structure
Central Military
Commission
Theater
Commands
Military regions
(defunct)
Ranks
Uniform
Institutions
Publications
Paramilitary
Contractors